Suchergebnisse

TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1. The Taboo of Criminological Research amongst Minority Ethnic Groups -- The Origins of Interest n Race and Crime -- Crime and Culture -- Race and Crime in Britain: Discrimination, Policing and the Criminal Justice System -- Taking Culture Out of the Picture: Alexander's Study -- Colonial and Post-Colonial Criminology: Tatum's Theoretical Framework -- 'Blacks Don't Have Culture': Pryce's Participant Observation in Bristol -- De-Essentialising and De-Pathologising: Benson vs Werbner -- The Structural Bias: Deprivationism According to Ballard -- Conclusion: Towards a 'Minority Criminology' -- 2. Theoretical and Methodological Solutions to the 'Race and Crime' Taboo -- Criminality as a migration stage: Mawby and Batta -- Bringing religion into the picture: Macey's bold attempt -- Islam and its 'betrayal': Qurash's transnational study -- The anthropological gaze: Len's ethnography of deviance -- Masculinities and identity: Webster and Imtiaz -- Attachment and commitment to the community: Wardak's approach -- Ethnographic information as a working whole: the 'emic' approach -- Access and multi-sited fieldwork as the key to the 'working whole' -- The sampling and labelling of sub-groups -- Breaking the taboo through methodology: criminology, minority perspectives and anthropology -- 3. Bradford as a case study -- A 'BrAsian' city -- Ethnic disadvantage -- The migration history -- Ethnic resources and networks: the peculiarities of the biraderi system -- 'From textile mills to taxiranks' (Kalra 2000) -- Assertiveness, self-defence and political struggles n the 1980s -- The Rushdie affair and vigilantism -- The climax of tension: 2001 -- Local and global: Bradford post-9/11 -- A community caught between biraderi and the Umma? -- 4. Criminological Discourses: Labelling -- Crime in the community: an endemic problem? -- The labelling process: crime within and without the community -- Many problems, one name: drugs in the community -- Drug-dealing, drug-taking and the chain of criminal activities -- 'Poisoning the community' -- Purity and contamination: haram, halal and makkru -- Crime as a threat to community stability -- 5. Aetiologies of crime -- The Asian economic niche -- Deprivation, discrimination and unemployment -- 'The lure of big things': strain theory -- Demography and education -- The interplay of ethnic resources and networks: the 'out of place culture' -- The erosion of ethnic networks: the generation gap, vertical and horizontal ties, and khidmat -- The risks of excessive bonding and biraderism -- Competing sources: culture, Islam and the West -- Conclusion: theories of community criminologies -- 6. Criminological Discourses: Gender and Deviance -- Pathologising young men: subcultural studies in the British Pakistani context -- 'Double consciousness' or 'torn between two cultures'? -- Women and deviance: unveiling the problem -- Victimhood, agency and double deviance -- Women as an indicator of the level of deviance in the community -- Rude boys' lifestyles: appearances, locations and 'Sharifisation' -- From self defence to heroes: the growth of a 'mafia mentality' -- Conclusion: young people and moral panic -- 7. Criminological discourses: informal social control -- Social control through the family: prevention for girls, retrieval for boys -- Social control through the family: three case studies of parental strategies -- The mother's roles -- 'Home-made rehabilitation': 'village rehab' and the 'marriage cure' -- Means of social control: gossip and scandal -- Importing a communal system of social control -- Between culture and religion: taweez -- Religion as a protective factor -- Purification, reintegration and 'reconversions' -- Popular preaching: Sheikh Ahmed Ali - a case study -- Conclusion: informal control as a partial solution -- 8. Criminological discourses: formal social control -- Mosques: caught between the local and the global -- Madrassas and the understanding of Islam -- Mosques as community centres -- Media -- Local institutions -- Schools -- Prisons -- Policing -- Conclusion: complementarity of.

AbstractThis article discusses the growing popularity of lifestyle reasoning in return considerations among Pakistani migrants and their children in Britain. Although lifestyle arguments are by no means new to scholarship on return migration, I argue that British Pakistanis' settlement history has led to return reasoning beyond purely economic considerations. Changes in status, power, and position, with respect to both countries of origin and settlement, have translated to a more confident capacity to aspire, and therefore to think along lifestyle considerations, whether the decision is to settle or to return. Lifestyle reasoning can therefore to be considered a sign of British Pakistanis' change in confidence about their position in the country of settlement.
Policy Implications


If the UK wants to engage with Pakistani returnees, it needs to recognize the variety of returns beyond the economic: political, lifestyle and relationship returns are all present in the array of typologies enacted by British Pakistanis

Any UK policy about return should consider that both pull and push factors influence return decisions, and those are articulated around economic, political, lifestyle, and relationship considerations.

Policy makers should consider lifestyle return reasoning a symptom of the maturation of British Pakistani citizenship in the country of settlement, rather than systematic evidence of their alienation.

AbstractIn this article, I identify the need for more nuanced approaches to transnational emotional attachment, especially with regard to the second generation. Interviewing second‐generation British Pakistanis while on their holidays in Pakistan and comparing the findings with data collected in the UK provides a more realistic exploration of the phenomenon than would have been possible with only narratives collected before and after the trips. In contrast to current utopian views of egalitarian transnationalism negotiated at a personal level, known in the literature as transnationalism from below, I argue that the visits of second‐generation British Pakistanis perpetuate global power asymmetries. Furthermore, such visits may help British Pakistanis redefine their identity in relation to Pakistan, the UK and Islam, thus contributing to the formation of a new transnational identity. In the conclusion, I suggest that leisure visits can still carry the potential for important political and economic relations for Pakistan in times of need.

This paper shows how regeneration policies in Bradford (UK) have over the years been modified following local, national and international events since 1997. It will be argued that policy makers reacted to public perceptions of the city itself and of its large Muslim community in three phases: celebration of local minority ethnic culture; pathologization of the same; exclusion of any cultural element from the city's self-projection. The paper suggests that these changes are at the same time reflexive of historical events and hegemonic discourses, and likely to be constitutive (as they have the potential to deeply affect social relations in the city). Further investigation is required to measure such constitutive long-term effects on minority ethnic groups and social relations in the city.